# PT-141 References: The Cited Bremelanotide Literature

> PT-141 (bremelanotide) references: the peer-reviewed studies, the FDA prescribing information, and the reviews cited across this site, with DOIs and PubMed links.

Every source cited across this site — the pivotal trials, the mechanism studies, the regulatory label, and the critical reviews.

## How to read this list

Each PT-141 reference below is numbered to match the inline citations across the site. The list spans the foundational pharmacology, the pivotal Phase 3 RECONNECT trials and their open-label extension, the mechanistic fMRI study, the US prescribing information, and the critical reviews that question the size of the benefit. Where a DOI or PubMed identifier exists, it is given. This is the complete cited record for the site; it is editorial commentary on publicly available science, not medical advice.

## References

[1] Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851303/
[2] Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226502/
[3] Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599840/
[4] Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599847/
[5] Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189794/
[6] Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;267:110299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39793696/
[7] U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information (structured product label). 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9
[8] Clayton AH, Kingsberg SA, Goldstein I. Evaluation and Management of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Sex Med. 2018;6(2):59-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esxm.2018.01.004
[9] Mintzes B, Tiefer L, Cosgrove L. Bremelanotide and flibanserin for low sexual desire in women: the fallacy of regulatory precedent. Drug Ther Bull. 2021;59(12):185-188. https://doi.org/10.1136/dtb.2021.000020
[10] Hedlund P. PT-141 Palatin. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2004;5(4):456-462. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15134289/
[11] Miller MK, Smith JR, Norman JJ, Clayton AH. Expert opinion on existing and developing drugs to treat female sexual dysfunction. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2018;23(3):223-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728214.2018.1527901
[12] King SH, Mayorov AV, Balse-Srinivasan P, Hruby VJ, Vanderah TW, Wessells H. Melanocortin receptors, melanotropic peptides and penile erection. Curr Top Med Chem. 2007;7(11):1098-1106. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17584130/
[13] Nelson ME, Bryant SM, Aks SE. Melanotan II injection resulting in systemic toxicity and rhabdomyolysis. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2012;50(10):1169-1173. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2012.740637

---

A clinical reading room for the PT-141 (bremelanotide) record, read under one desk lamp — the single approved use logged in crimson before anything else, the label figures kept apart from the study findings and both apart from the unverified reports, with no clinic behind the door and nothing here dosed, sourced, or sold.